Nativeness is not binary—a graduated terminology for native and non‐native species in the Anthropocene

Abstract

With novel ecosystems becoming the norm, it is increasingly necessary to re‐evaluate what is meant by “restoration.” An important aspect concerns which species are defined as native and, by extension, non‐native. In order to better inform restoration actions, we have here devised a classification system of 10 graduated terms describing intermediate states of nativeness, which can be applied to different organisms based on their histories, origins, and impacts.

Topics & Concepts