Risk factors associated with postpartum depressive symptoms: A multinational study
Helen Bradshaw, Julia N. Riddle, Rodion Salimgaraev, Liudmila Zhaunova, Jennifer L. Payne
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between maternal age, parity, gestational number (singleton vs twin), newborn gender and self-reported postpartum depressive symptoms (PDS) in a large multinational sample using survey data from a digital telephone application. METHODS: Women using the Flo app answered a survey (available in 10 languages) from January 2018 to April 2020. A survey question asking about emotional state was used to determine the presence of PDS. Chi-squared statistics were used to compare groups. A weighted mean prevalence was calculated based upon the socioeconomic status and reproductive population of each country in 2020. RESULTS: Over a million women from 138 countries participated. Of all respondents, 9.4% endorsed PDS. The weighted mean prevalence of PDS was 11%. We found that PDS decreased with advancing age. First-time mothers reported higher rates of PDS. Twin births were associated with a higher symptom burden than singleton births and mothers of twins in the oldest age group reported the greatest burden. We did not find a clinically significant difference in rates of PDS between mothers of singleton girls and boys. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine risk factors for postpartum symptoms using the same survey across a large international population. These results can further research and clinical aims to identify and treat maternal depression more effectively. LIMITATIONS: Data was aggregated, thereby limiting analysis of individual associations. The survey was self-report and not diagnostic for postpartum depression. Generalizability of risks of postpartum depression should be approached with caution.