Association between air pollution in Lima and the high incidence of COVID-19: findings from a post hoc analysis
Bertha Vanessa Vasquez-Apestegui, Enrique Parras-Garrido, Vilma Tapia, Valeria M. Paz-Aparicio, Jhojan P. Rojas, Odón R. Sánchez-Ccoyllo, Gustavo F. Gonzáles
Abstract
Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the People’s Republic of China in December 2019. Thereafter, a global logarithmic expansion of cases occurred. Some countries have a higher rate of infections despite the early implementation of quarantine. Air pollution might be related to high susceptibility to the virus and associated case fatality rates (deaths/cases*100). Lima, Peru, has the second highest incidence of COVID-19 in Latin America and also has one the highest levels of air pollution in the region. Methods This study investigated the association of levels of PM 2.5 exposure in previous years (2010–2016) in 24 districts of Lima with cases, deaths and case fatality rates for COVID-19. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate this association controlled by age, sex, population density and number of food markets per district. The study period was from March 6 to June 12, 2020. Results There were 128,700 cases in Lima and 2382 deaths due to COVID-19. The case fatality rate was 1.93%. Previous exposure to PM 2.5 (2010—2016) was associated with the number of COVID-19- cases ( β = 0.07; 95% CI: 0.034–0.107) and deaths ( β = 0.0014; 95% CI: 0.0006–0.0.0023) but not with the case fatality rate. Conclusions After adjusting for age, sex and number of food markets, the higher rates of COVID-19 in Metropolitan Lima are attributable to the increased PM 2.5 exposure in the previous years, among other reasons. Reduction in air pollution from a long-term perspective and social distancing are needed to prevent the spread of virus outbreaks.