Recalled Experiences of Bullying and Victimization in a Longitudinal, Population-Based Birth Cohort: The Influence of ADHD and Co-Occurring Psychiatric Disorder
Jason Fogler, Amy L. Weaver, Slavica K. Katusic, Robert G. Voigt, William J. Barbaresi
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe bullying experiences throughout childhood of people with and without childhood ADHD and co-occurring learning and psychiatric disorders from a population-based birth cohort. METHODS: = 486), reported experiences of peer interactions during elementary, middle, or high school were classified as "bully," "victim," "neither," or "both." Associations were assessed with multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: Adjusted for male sex, the odds of classification as victim-only, victim/bully, or bully- only (vs. neither) were 3.70 (2.36-5.81), 17.71, and 8.17 times higher for childhood ADHD cases compared to non-ADHD referents. Victim-bullies (62.5%) and bullies (64.3%) had both childhood ADHD and other psychiatric disorders versus 38.4% of victims-only and 17.3% of those classified as "neither." CONCLUSION: The list of serious lifetime consequences of having ADHD also includes bullying. We offer future research directions for determining potential causal pathways.