Research status and prospects for bioactive compounds of Chlorella species: Composition, extraction, production, and biosynthesis pathways
Yilin Fang, Yihui Cai, Qi Zhang, Roger Ruan, Ting Zhou
Abstract
Chlorella species have gained considerable attention in the past decades due to their capacity to synthesize valuable bioactive compounds in large quantities. While most research has focused on their use in biofuel production, limited consideration has been given to their nutritional applications. This critical review aims to present the latest advancements in the cultivation of Chlorella sp., highlighting the biosynthesis, extraction, and potential application of high-valued bioactive compounds in Chlorella cells. Chlorella sp. can be cultivated in four distinct modes (photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, mixotrophic, and photoheterotrophic conditions) to support their growth and metabolism accumulation. The typical high-valued bioactive compounds within Chlorella cells are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and pigments, which possess various nutritional properties and potential health-promoting benefits. This review also focuses on the carbon and nitrogen metabolism within Chlorella cells that underlie the biosynthesis of these bioactive compounds. Additionally, it extensively discusses various extraction methods employed to obtain these valuable compounds for their utilization and commercialization. These findings offer a comprehensive understanding of the biochemistry and physiology of Chlorella sp. The current challenges and further prospects for the biomass and derived byproducts of Chlorella sp. are also presented. Overall, this review provides critical insights that can drive the advancement and optimization of industrial production systems, paving the way for the widespread utilization and commercialization of Chlorella -derived bioactive compounds.