Protective effect of the tunneling nanotube-TNFAIP2/M-sec system on podocyte autophagy in diabetic nephropathy
Federica Barutta, Stefania Bellini, Shunsuke Kimura, Koji Hase, Beatrice Corbetta, Alessandro Corbelli, Fabio Fiordaliso, Stefania Bruno, Luigi Biancone, Antonella Barreca, Mauro Papotti, Emilio Hirsh, Miriam Martini, Roberto Gambino, Marilena Durazzo, Hiroshi Ohno, Gabriella Gruden
Abstract
AGEs: advanced glycation end products; AKT1: AKT serine/threonine kinase 1; AO: acridine orange; ALs: autolysosomes; APs: autophagosomes; BM: bone marrow; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CTSD: cathepsin D; DIC: differential interference contrast; DN: diabetic nephropathy; FSGS: focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; HG: high glucose; KO: knockout; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LMP: lysosomal membrane permeabilization; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; STZ: streptozotocin; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TNFAIP2: tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 2; TNTs: tunneling nanotubes; WT: wild type.