Construction of tea tree oil/salicylic acid/palygorskite hybrids for advanced antibacterial and anti-inflammatory performance
Xi Zhang, Lihua Cao, Huiyu Li, Ziyi Xiong, Zhengpeng Fu, Zhaolun Zhang, Wenjing Xie, Hongyan Cui, Shuang Zhang, Ying Tang, Yongjun Feng
Abstract
) species inhabiting on the human skin. Also noticeable is that exposure of these skin commensal bacteria to TSP-1 prevented the antimicrobial resistance evolution compared to the conventional antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Mechanistic investigation of its antibacterial modes of action revealed a synergy between the TTO and SA loadings on the Pal supports in reactive oxygen production, causing oxidative damage to bacterial cell membranes and increased leakage of intracellular compounds. Additionally, TSP-1 significantly decreased the proinflammatory cytokines of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in a bacterial lipopolysaccharide-stimulated differentiated THP-1 macrophage model, showing the potential to inhibit inflammatory responses in bacterial infections. Overall, this is the first report exploring the potential of constructing clay-based organic-inorganic hybrids as alternatives to antibiotics to combat bacterial resistance with advanced compatibility and anti-inflammatory benefits that are desired for the development of topically applied biopharmaceuticals.