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From Neutrino- to Photon-cooled in Three Years: Can Fallback Accretion Explain the X-Ray Excess in GW170817?

Brian D. Metzger, Rodrigo Fernández

2021The Astrophysical Journal Letters21 citationsDOIOpen Access PDF

Abstract

Abstract Excess X-ray emission from the neutron star merger GW170817 above the predicted afterglow was recently detected t ≈ 3.4 yr post-merger. One possible origin is accretion onto the newly unshrouded black hole (BH) remnant. While fallback of bound dynamical ejecta is insufficient to generate the excess luminosity, L X ∼ 5 × 10 38 erg s −1 , fallback from the disk wind ejecta—due to their larger mass and lower velocity—remains a possibility. We present hydrodynamic α -viscosity simulations of the post-merger disk evolution that extend to timescales t ≈ 35 s post-merger, necessary to capture the asymptotic evolution into the radiatively inefficient regime. Due to inefficient neutrino cooling, the BH accretion rate decays rapidly at late times ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>̇</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>bh</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>∝</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>β</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>bh</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> , where β bh ≈ 2.4–2.8), which is incompatible with the late-time excess. However, matter falls back to the inner disk from the equatorial region more gradually, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>̇</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>fb</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>∝</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>β</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>fb</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> with β fb ≈ 1.43 in our α ≈ 0.03 simulations. By the present epoch t ≈ 3.4 yr, the fallback rate has become sub-Eddington and the disk can again accrete efficiently, i.e., <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>̇</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>bh</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>≈</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>̇</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>fb</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , this time due to photon instead of neutrino cooling. The predicted present-day X-ray accretion luminosity, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">X</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>≈</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.1</mml:mn> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>̇</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>bh</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>≈</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>–</mml:mo> <mml:mn>70</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>38</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> erg s −1 for β fb ≈ 1.43–1.66, thus supports (with caveats) an accretion-powered origin for the X-ray excess in GW170817. The suppressed BH accretion rate prior to the sub-Eddington transition, weeks to months after the merger, is key to avoid overproducing the kilonova luminosity via reprocessing.

Topics & Concepts

PhysicsAstrophysicsEjectaNeutron starAccretion (finance)Accretion discAfterglowAstronomyStarsNeutrinoBlack hole (networking)SupernovaStellar evolutionEpoch (astronomy)Supermassive black holeSolar massAstrophysical Phenomena and ObservationsGamma-ray bursts and supernovaePulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
From Neutrino- to Photon-cooled in Three Years: Can Fallback Accretion Explain the X-Ray Excess in GW170817? | Litcius