Occurrence, distribution, and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in the vicinity of Fe-ore mines: a global overview
Prafulla Kumar Sahoo, Michael Powell, Gabriel Caixeta Martins, Roberto Dall’Agnol, Gabriel Negreiros Salomão, Sunil Mittal, Paulo Rógenes Monteiro Pontes, José Tasso Felix Guimarães, José Oswaldo Siqueira
Abstract
Several studies have investigated the consequences of heavy metal contamination in the vicinity of individual Fe ore mines, however, at present there are no systematic studies that consider the global scenario; this work strives to begin filling that gap. This review includes data reported for metals and pH in soil, overburden, sediment, tailings, and water in the vicinity of Fe mines at sites in 19 countries over the past 15 years. Elements of concern include As, Fe, Mn, Cd, Cu, Cd, Co, Pb, Ni and Zn. Various pollution and ecological risk indices were applied to evaluate environment risks by heavy metals.