High Efficiency Alkaline Iodine Batteries with Multi‐Electron Transfer Enabled by Bi/Bi <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> Redox Mediator
Wenjiao Ma, Jinye Li, Huijian Wang, Chengjun Lei, Xiao Liang
Abstract
Abstract The multi‐electron transfer I − /IO 3 − redox couple is attractive for high energy aqueous batteries. Shifting from an acidic to an alkaline electrolyte significantly enhances the IO 3 − formation kinetics due to the spontaneous disproportionation reaction, while the alkaline environment also offers more favorable Zn anode compatibility. However, sluggish kinetics during the reduction of IO 3 − persists in both acidic and alkaline electrolytes, compromising the energy efficiency of this glorious redox couple. Here, we establish the fundamental redox mechanism of the I − /IO 3 − couple in alkaline electrolytes for the first time and propose that Bi/Bi 2 O 3 acts as a redox mediator (RM) to “catalyze” the reduction of IO 3 − . This mediation significantly reduces the voltage gap between charge/discharge from 1.6 V to 1 V with improved conversion efficiency and rate capability. By pairing the Zn anode and the Bi/Bi 2 O 3 RM cathode, the full battery with I − /IO 3 − redox mechanism achieves high areal capacity of 12 mAh cm −2 and stable operation at 5 mAh cm −2 for over 400 cycles.