A facile approach to hydrophilic oxidized fullerenes and their derivatives as cytotoxic agents and supports for nanobiocatalytic systems
Panagiota Zygouri, Konstantinos Spyrou, Efstratia Mitsari, Marı́a Barrio, Roberto Macovez, Michaela Patila, Haralambos Stamatis, Ioannis I. Verginadis, Anastasia Velalopoulou, Angelos Evangelou, Zili Sideratou, Dimitrios Gournis, Petra Rudolf
Abstract
Abstract A facile, environment-friendly, versatile and reproducible approach to the successful oxidation of fullerenes (oxC 60 ) and the formation of highly hydrophilic fullerene derivatives is introduced. This synthesis relies on the widely known Staudenmaier’s method for the oxidation of graphite, to produce both epoxy and hydroxy groups on the surface of fullerenes (C 60 ) and thereby improve the solubility of the fullerene in polar solvents (e.g. water). The presence of epoxy groups allows for further functionalization via nucleophilic substitution reactions to generate new fullerene derivatives, which can potentially lead to a wealth of applications in the areas of medicine, biology, and composite materials. In order to justify the potential of oxidized C 60 derivatives for bio-applications, we investigated their cytotoxicity in vitro as well as their utilization as support in biocatalysis applications, taking the immobilization of laccase for the decolorization of synthetic industrial dyes as a trial case.