Magnetized phyto-adsorbents for industrial dye removal: functionalization and mechanistic insights for sustainable wastewater remediation
Shaikh Aliya Aijaz, Zaryab Shafi and, Mohammad Shahid
Abstract
embedding techniques enhances surface functionality, adsorption kinetics, and recovery efficiency. Adsorption mechanisms, modeled using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and pseudo-second-order kinetics, demonstrated the capacities of common dyes. Comparative studies show that magnetized biosorbents outperform non-magnetized systems in terms of adsorption efficiency, reusability, and operational feasibility. The review also addresses scale-up challenges, including nanoparticle leaching, regulatory compliance, and production costs, and highlights potential solutions such as green synthesis, MOF-biomass hybrids, and modular reactor designs. Overall, magnetized biosorbents represent a scalable, cost-effective, and environmentally responsible approach for industrial wastewater remediation, aligning with global sustainability goals.