Nutri-Epigenetic Regulation of Vitamin D—Impact on Metabolism and Biological Functions: Narrative Review
Magdalena Kowalówka, Ilona Górna, Marta Karaźniewicz‐Łada, Dominika Kusyk, Juliusz Przysławski, Sławomira Drzymała-Czyż
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is widespread. It increases the risk of several diseases. Therefore, researchers have long studied the factors that influence vitamin D levels in the body. These include its metabolism, catabolism, transport and binding of vitamin D to the receptor VDR. Currently, an increasing number of studies are focusing on genetic factors. Variations in vitamin D levels, including vitamin D deficiency, are under substantial genetic control. There is a reciprocity between the vitamin D system and epigenetic mechanisms. Vitamin D metabolism, on the one hand, is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms and, on the other hand, is involved in regulating epigenetic events. To appraise recent advances in nutrigenomics with its application in public health, several databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, were investigated in detail. Nutri-epigenetics deals with the interplay between dietary components and the possible resulting changes in the epigenome. There is, therefore, great potential for the development of nutri-epigenetics. The purpose of the narrative review is to highlight the genetic aspects of vitamin D, its receptor VDR and vitamin D-related gene polymorphisms with a particular focus on vitamin D gene regulation. Particular attention is paid to the vitamin D response index.