Potentially toxic element contamination of arid and semi-arid soils and its phytoremediation
Habib Khodaverdiloo, Fengxiang X. Han, Roghaie Hamzenejad Taghlidabad, Akbar Karimi, Neda Moradi, Joseph A. Kazery
Abstract
Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) contamination in soil is a worldwide challenge that requires effective cleaning technology. The plant-based phytoremediation technology is solar-driven, relatively cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. However, practical employment of phytoremediation in arid and semi-arid soils has many technical challenges: the low bioavailability of PTEs, failure of plants to grow well in unsuitable conditions such as the low soil fertility, soil salinity, and sodic conditions. This paper reviews the contribution of various agronomic practices including irrigation practices, soil fertilization, application of agrochemicals, animal wastes, and organic composts to PTE accumulation in arid and semi-arid soils. Furthermore, the limitations against the phytoextraction of PTEs from arid and semi-arid soils were discussed. Finally, the strategies to overcome these limitations and to improve the phytoextraction of PTEs from arid and semi-arid soils were addressed.