Improving the Morphology Stability of Spiro-OMeTAD Films for Enhanced Thermal Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells
Wenya Song, Lucija Rakocevic, Raghavendran Thiruvallur Eachambadi, Weiming Qiu, João P. A. Bastos, Robert Gehlhaar, Yinghuan Kuang, Afshin Hadipour, Tom Aernouts, Jef Poortmans
Abstract
To guarantee a long lifetime of perovskite-based photovoltaics, the selected materials need to survive relatively high-temperature stress during the solar cell operation. Highly efficient n–i–p perovskite solar cells (PSCs) often degrade at high operational temperatures due to morphological instability of the hole transport material 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis (N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD). We discovered that the detrimental large-domain spiro-OMeTAD crystallization is caused by the simultaneous presence of tert-butylpyridine (tBP) additive and gold (Au) as a capping layer. Based on this discovery and our understanding, we demonstrated facile strategies that successfully stabilize the amorphous phase of spiro-OMeTAD film. As a result, the thermal stability of n–i–p PSCs is largely improved. After the spiro-OMeTAD films in the PSCs were stressed for 1032 h at 85 °C in the dark in nitrogen environment, reference PSCs retained only 22% of their initial average power conversion efficiency (PCE), while the best target PSCs retained 85% relative average PCE. Our work suggests facile ways to realize efficient and thermally stable spiro-OMeTAD containing n–i–p PSCs.