Chiroptical Properties of Indolenine Squaraines with a Stereogenic Center at Close Proximity
Joshua Selby, Marco Holzapfel, Blaise Kimbadi Lombe, David Schmidt, Ana‐Maria Krause, Frank Würthner, Gerhard Bringmann, Christoph Lambert
Abstract
A series of four indolenine squaraines bearing a chiral center at the 3-position of the indolenine moiety, with either an n-propyl or a phenyl group alongside a methyl group, were synthesized and obtained in a high purity of ≥98% for the desired stereoisomer. The indolenine precursors with a phenyl group attached at the chiral center were asymmetrically synthesized using a pericyclic-reaction cascade and obtained in a high ee of 98%, whereas the ones with an n-propyl group were prepared by kinetic resolution through asymmetric hydrogenation, resulting in an ee of up to 98%. X-ray crystallography revealed a slightly twisted geometry for the phenyl-substituted cisoid squaraine derivative, whereas the n-propyl-substituted derivative possessed the expected planar geometry. Variation of the substitution also influenced the optical properties, where the introduction of phenyl groups caused a progressive red-shift and reduction in squared transition moments, as well as reduced fluorescence quantum yields, Stokes shifts, and fluorescence lifetimes. All of the investigated compounds exhibited strong ECD signals, with Δε values of up to 24 M–1 cm–1 for the HOMO–LUMO transition. DFT calculations indicated that this was due to both large electric and magnetic transition moments, although the two vectors were mutually almost orthogonal.