Hydrogen Evolution Activity of Nitrogen-Rich <i>g</i>-C<sub>3–<i>x</i></sub>N<sub>4+<i>x</i></sub> Synthesized by Solid–Gas Interface Method
Radha Rajendramani, Krateeka Madan, Mohammed Sadik Nalakath Kallingal, Sruthi Guru, Susmita De, G. Ranga Rao
Abstract
Synthesis of a metal-free carbon nitride ( g -C 3 N 4 ) photocatalyst in the form of nitrogen-rich g -C 3– x N 4+ x derivatives is desirable for efficient solar to hydrogen conversion and remains a challenging task to achieve. Herein we report the development of homogeneous sheets of nitrogen-rich graphitic carbon nitride samples from melamine by a solid–gas interface approach. Using this method, pure g -C 3 N 4 (CN), g -C 3– x N 4+ x under ammonia flow (CN-NH 3 ) and g -C 3– x N 4+ x under nitrogen flow (CN-N 2 ) are prepared. The g -C 3– x N 4+ x (CN-NH 3 ) sample shows better surface conductivity, wide optical absorbance in the visible region, reduced recombination and high electron donor density, and higher performance toward photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution (HER). The g -C 3– x N 4+ x (CN-NH 3 ) generates a photocurrent of 2.06 μA cm –2, which is 2.5 times higher than that of the pure g -C 3 N 4 (CN) sample (0.85 μA cm –2 ). It also shows higher photocatalytic water splitting ability compared to the CN and CN-N 2 samples, generating 634 μmol g –1 hydrogen without cocatalyst and 1163 μmol g –1 of hydrogen with Pt cocatalyst. Density functional calculations suggest that the progressive band gap reduction with the increase in the N-dopant percentage can be attributed to the gradual increase in the partial π-occupations, which can lead to a significant stabilization of the conduction band minima. The theoretical modeling, however, indicates a saturation in the band gap effect after 75% of N-dopant. The onset potential of g -C 3– x N 4+ x for HER appears at η = 0.43 V in dark and η = 0.34 V vs Ag/AgCl under solar light illumination of 1 sun.