Two-dimensional materials for NOx reduction to ammonia: From electrocatalyst to system
Suwen Wang, Junkai Xia, Xiaohui Yang, Qian Xie, Zechao Zhuang, Huajun Feng, Hai Xiang, Zuliang Chen, Hui Li, Lei Zhang, Yongfu Li, Bing Yu, Tianyi Ma
Abstract
Ammonia is a globally produced commodity chemical that is essential in supporting the needs of an expanding population. The traditional Haber-Bosch process for the production of ammonia, although effective, encounters obstacles stemming from its reliance on fossil fuels and substantial energy expenditure. The electrocatalytic NO x reduction reaction (NO x RR) for ammonia synthesis has recently captured interest as a compelling alternative due to its high efficiency and environmentally friendly characteristics. Two-dimensional (2D) materials, with their numerous exposed active sites, substantial specific surface area, excellent conductivity, and readily adjustable electronic properties, offer significant potential for activating NO x species in sustainable NO x RR applications. This review highlights the latest research advancements in the use of 2D materials for electrochemical NO x reduction. We began by providing an overview of the fundamental principles of electrochemical NO x reduction. Next, we introduced recent progress in this field using 2D materials such as graphene, MXene, metal alloys/sulfides, layered double hydroxides, and carbon nitride. We then summarized the state-of-the-art electrochemical systems employed in NO x RR processes. Finally, we discussed the challenges and prospects of NO x RR based on 2D materials, aiming for large-scale industrial implementation in the near future.