Gender differences in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an update of the current evidence
Silvia Fraticelli, Giulia Caratelli, Domenico De Berardis, Giuseppe Ducci, Mauro Pettorruso, Giovanni Martinotti, Gianluigi Di Cesare, Massimo Di Giannantonio
Abstract
The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in women has recently received considerable attention, as research has shown an underestimation of the disorder in females, due to a difference in presentation compared to males: females have a higher risk of having ADHD, without those "disruptive" symptoms that determine the request for help. The purpose of the present narrative review is to identify the neglected clinical problems in the diagnostic and therapeutic intervention of women with ADHD and to analyze the associated comorbid problems. The conducted PubMed search and the relevant literature review on the topic show that the impairment of ADHD in women is underestimated due to the different ways the phenomenon manifests compared to traditional male's symptoms. This underestimation consequently leads to an inadequate treatment and has negative repercussions on the social context in which women are involved in.