Development of a Chemical Reproductive Aging Model in Female Rats
Nayara Pestana‐Oliveira, Ruither Oliveira Gomes Carolino, Bruna Kalil-Cutti, Cristiane Mota Leite, Litamara C Dalpogeto, Bruna Balbino de Paula, John P. Collister, J. A. Anselmo‐Franci
Abstract
Women are born with an abundant but finite pool of ovarian follicles, which naturally and progressively decreased during their reproductive years until menstrual periods stop permanently (menopause). Perimenopause represents the transition from reproductive to non-reproductive life. It is usually characterized by neuroendocrine, metabolic and behavioral changes, which result from a follicular depletion and reduced number of ovarian follicles. During this period, around 45-50 years old, women are more likely to express mood disorders, anxiety, irritability and vasomotor symptoms. The current animal models of reproductive aging do not successfully replicate human perimenopause and the gradual changes that occur in this phase. While the traditional rat model of menopause involves ovariectomy or surgical menopause consisting of the rapid and definitive removal of the ovaries resulting in a complete loss of all ovarian hormones, natural or transitional menopause is achieved by the selective loss of ovarian follicles (perimenopause period). However, the natural aging rodent (around 18-24 months) model fails to reach very low estrogen concentrations and overlaps the processes of somatic and reproductive aging. The chronic exposure of young rodents to 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) is a well-established experimental model for perimenopause and menopause studies. VCD induces loss of ovarian small follicles (primary and primordial) in mice and rats by accelerating the natural process of atresia (apoptosis). The VCD, ovary-intact or accelerated ovarian failure (AOF) model is the experimental model that most closely matches natural human progression to menopause mimicking both hormonal and behavioral changes typically manifested by women in perimenopause.Graphical abstract:The female reproductive system is regulated by a series of neuroendocrine events controlled by central and peripheral components. (A). The mechanisms involved in this control are extremely complex and have not yet been fully clarified. In female mammals whose ovulation (the most important event in a reproductive cycle) occurs spontaneously, reproductive success is achieved through the precise functional and temporal integration of the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary (HPO) axis. (B). In women, loss of fertility appears to be primarily associated with exhaustion of ovarian follicles, and this process occurs progressively until complete follicular exhaustion marked by the final menstrual period (FMP). (C). While in female rodents, reproductive aging seems to begin as a neuroendocrine process, in which changes in hypothalamic/pituitary function appear independently of follicular atresia. The traditional rat model of menopause, ovariectomy or surgical menopause consists of the rapid and definitive removal of the ovaries resulting in a complete loss of all ovarian hormones. (D). The chronic exposure (15-30 days) to the chemical compound 4-vinylcyclehexene diepoxide (VCD) in young rodents accelerates gradual failure of ovarian function by progressive depletion of primordial and primary follicles, but retains residual ovarian tissue before brain alterations that occurs in women in perimenopause. Low doses of VCD cause the selective destruction of the small preantral follicles of the ovary without affecting other peripheral tissues., [摘要]妇女与卵泡,其天然的丰富,但有限的池出生LY ,并逐步降低小号在生育年龄,直到月经永久停止(更年期)。围绝经期代表了从生殖到非生殖生活的过渡。它通常以神经内分泌,代谢和行为改变为特征,这是由于卵泡消耗和卵巢卵泡数目减少所致。在此期间(大约45-50岁),女性更容易表现出情绪障碍,焦虑,烦躁和血管舒缩症状。生殖衰老的当前动物模型做不顺利replicat Ë人围和发生在这个阶段逐渐变化。而更年期的传统大鼠模型包括卵巢切除或手术绝经编组荷兰国际集团的迅速和彻底去除导致所有卵巢激素的完全丧失卵巢的,天然的或过渡更年期是由卵巢的卵泡的选择性损失(围绝经期)实现。然而,自然老化啮齿动物(约18-24个月)的模式未能达到非常低的雌激素浓度和重叠š体细胞和生殖衰老的过程。年轻啮齿动物对4-乙烯基环己烯二环氧化合物(VCD)的长期暴露是围绝经和绝经研究的公认实验模型。VCD通过加速闭锁(细胞凋亡)的自然过程,诱发小鼠和大鼠卵巢小卵泡(主要和原始)的损失。VCD,卵巢完整或卵巢加速衰竭(AOF)模型是最接近自然自然发展与更年期相匹配的实验模型,模仿了绝经期女性通常表现出的激素和行为改变。 图形摘要: 女性生殖系统受到一系列由中枢和周围成分控制的神经内分泌事件的调节。(一种)。此控制涉及的机制极其复杂,尚未完全阐明。在排卵(生殖周期中最重要的事件)自然发生的雌性哺乳动物中,通过下丘脑-垂体-卵巢(HPO)轴的精确功能和时间整合来实现生殖成功。(B)。在女性中,生育力的丧失似乎主要与卵巢卵泡的耗尽有关,并且这一过程会逐渐发生,直到以最后一个月经期(FMP )为标志的卵泡完全耗尽为止。(C)。而在女性啮齿动物,生殖衰老似乎开始作为一个神经内分泌过程,在这改变下丘脑/垂体功能独立卵泡闭锁的出现。更年期,卵巢切除或手术绝经的传统的大鼠模型包含的迅速和彻底去除导致所有卵巢激素的完全丧失卵巢。(D)。慢性暴露(15-30天),以在啮齿动物年轻的化学化合物4- vinylcyclehexene二环氧化物(VCD)加速由原始和初级卵泡逐渐耗尽卵巢功能的逐渐失效,但保留脑改变前的残余卵巢组织的是发生于女性在perimeno停顿。低剂量的VCD会导致卵巢前小卵泡的选择性破坏,而不会影响其他周围组织。[背景]围绝经,从生殖到非生育期的过渡期,是指绝经前即刻的时期。这一时期的特点是内分泌和生物学改变的开始,以及暗示更年期的临床症状,并且可以延长至最后一次月经后十二个月,平均持续时间为五年(WHO,1996; Soules等)。人。,2001;培根,2017年;王等人。,2019)。除绝经或明确终止月经周期外,绝经是一种独特的人类过程,但可以通过实验模型来模仿,尤其是在啮齿动物中。根据Prior和Hitchcock的研究,围绝经期(以前被视为雌激素过少的时期)的特征是月经周期保持规律的女性荷尔蒙的三个主要变化:1)雌二醇浓度正常或异常高。2)血浆孕酮浓度的下降和3)在所有水平的生殖轴上的变化(Prior and Hitchcock,2011)。围绝经期,高比例的女性表现出这一时期的典型症状,包括:血管舒缩变化,月经周期变化,睡眠障碍,认知功能恶化,行为和情绪变化(烦躁,神经质,焦虑和抑郁),此外代谢和生理变化(Mitchell and Woods,1996; Brinton et al。,2015; Chalouhi,2017)。考虑到大脑的变化在此期间,布林顿等人。(2015)将围绝经期定义为“神经系统过渡状态”。哺乳动物物种的生殖衰老过程非常复杂,人们对其了解甚少(尤其是在人类中)(Brinton等人,200 9 ; Brinton,2010年)。因此,更年期和围绝经期的动物模型可作为进入生殖生物学衰老的复杂机制的窗口,处于不同水平(全身,细胞,分子和基因组),而人类无法做到这一点(Brinton,2012)。尽管如此,更年期当前动物模型做不顺利replicat Ë人围和发生在这个阶段逐渐变化。而在该由更年期,卵巢切除术或手术绝经的传统大鼠模型的快速和彻底去除导致所有卵巢激素的完全丧失卵巢的,天然的或过渡绝经是由卵巢卵泡的选择性丧失(围绝经期)实现。然而,自然老化模型小号不能达到非常低的雌激素浓度的d重叠有关体细胞老化和改变那些生殖老化(Kermath和戈尔,2012;星期五ý ê 。等人,2012;基什内尔。等人,2020)。此外,次ESE模式小号不会重现女性发生什么,因为生殖衰老的主要原因之间的物种显著分歧。在女性,生育能力的丧失似乎与卵泡耗竭(Faddy将主要关联等,1992;鲁宾,2000),W女性啮齿动物往往微不足道,生殖衰老似乎开始作为一个神经内分泌过程,W i个的变化下丘脑/垂体功能出现荷兰国际集团独立于卵泡闭锁(戈尔等人。,2000)。文献中的一个公认的实验模型用于研究荷兰国际集团围绝经期和绝经期是啮齿动物暴露于化学4-乙烯基环己烯二环氧化物(VCD),这导致通过原始和初级卵泡逐渐耗尽卵巢功能的逐渐失效,但保留围绝经期女性体内残留的卵巢组织相似(Springer等,1996; Kao等,1999; Hoyer等,2001)。重要的是,VCD模型或加速卵巢功能衰竭的模型(AOF,布鲁克斯等人。,2016)模拟物都激素(雷斯等人,2014;佩斯塔纳-奥利维拉等人,2018;萨尔斯堡。等人,20 19 ),并行为改变,例如焦虑(Reis等,2014),记忆力减退(Koebele等,201 6 ),抑郁(Kalil等,2020)和攻击性(Dalpogeto等,2016; Scafuto等, 2017)通常由女性在围绝经期表现出来。低剂量的VCD特异性地导致卵巢小窦前卵泡的选择性破坏,而不会影响其他周围组织。此外,这种职业化学品不会穿越血脑屏障(Lukefahr等,2012)。因此,VCD诱发的卵泡耗竭模型继之以卵巢衰竭已被广泛用于绝经和绝经的实验研究中(Reis等,2014; Liu等,2015; Brooks等,2016; Koebele等)。 。人,201 6 ;佩斯塔纳-奥利维拉等人,2018;王等人,2019;萨尔斯堡。等人,2019 ;基什内尔。等人,2020),并且是最匹配的实验模型的人类自然进展至更年期,因为大多数妇女通过逐渐且不可逆的卵巢功能降低过程进入更年期,同时保留了卵巢的残留组织(Brooks等人,2016)。因此,考虑到决定更年期发作的关键是卵巢卵泡的数量而不是女性的年龄(Faddy等,1992),VCD引起的绝经是一种翻译模型,具有类比,可预测性和同源性,并且允许关于绝经和绝经,情感障碍,血管舒缩改变和其他一些症状影响中年妇女生活质量的时期中滤泡丢失的动态及其对妇女神经化学的影响,有可能是合理的推论。最近(2015-2017)AOF模型应用于北美大型城市(如芝加哥,纽约,旧金山和洛杉矶)的街道和地铁,目的是减少已感染这些城市的老鼠数量(https ://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/March-2015/birth-control-for-rats/)。