Review of electrochemical and optical biosensors for testosterone measurement
Maryam Nikkhah, Sajedeh Karami, Seyyed Hossein Khatami, Mortaza Taheri‐Anganeh, Amir Savardashtaki, Amir Mahmoodzadeh, Zahra Shabaninejad, Omid Vakili, Pegah Mousavi, Farhad Ghanizadeh Gerayeli, Hamid Behrouj, Hassan Ghasemi, Ahmad Movahedpour
Abstract
Testosterone is an anabolic steroid and a major sex hormone in males. It plays vital roles, including developing the testis, penis, and prostate, increasing muscle and bone, and sperm production. In both men and women, testosterone levels should be in normal ranges. Besides, testosterone and its analogs are major global contributors to doping in sport. Due to the importance of testosterone testing, novel, accurate biosensors have been developed. This review summarizes the various methods for testosterone measurement. Also, recent optical and electrochemical approaches for the detection of testosterone and its analogs have been discussed.