Advancements in the study of short-chain fatty acids and their therapeutic effects on atherosclerosis
Yongsen Wang, Wei Dou, Xin Qian, Hao Chen, Yi Zhang, Liu Yang, Ya Lan Wu, Xiongfei Xu
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) remains a leading cause of cardiovascular disease and mortality globally. This chronic condition is characterized by inflammation, lipid accumulation, and the deposition of cellular components within arterial walls. Emerging evidence has highlighted the multifaceted therapeutic potential of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in mitigating AS progression. SCFAs have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties and the ability to regulate immune responses, metabolic pathways, vascular integrity, and intestinal barrier function in animal models of AS. Consequently, SCFAs have garnered significant attention as a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of AS. However, further clinical trials and studies are necessary to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms and effects of SCFAs. Additionally, different types of SCFAs may exert distinct impacts, necessitating more in-depth investigation into their specific roles and mechanisms. This review provides an overview of the diverse cellular mechanisms contributing to AS formation, as well as a discussion of the significance of SCFAs in AS pathogenesis and their multifaceted therapeutic potential. Nonetheless, additional research is warranted to comprehensively understand and harness the potential of various SCFAs in the context of AS. • Comprehensive and innovative perspectives: We comprehensively integrate the roles of SCFAs in AS, including anti-inflammatory effects, immune modulation, metabolic regulation, and vascular protection, offering a holistic perspective. It systematically highlights the cellular mechanisms of SCFAs in AS prevention and treatment, emphasizing their therapeutic potential. • Future research directions and application potential: 1) Further research is needed to uncover how SCFAs regulate signaling pathways and affect immune and vascular cells. 2) Clinical studies should confirm SCFAs' efficacy and safety in AS treatment. 3) Cross-disciplinary research is crucial to fully understand SCFAs' biological roles and clinical potential. • Emphasizing the importance of personalized intervention: We highlight the unique effects of different types of SCFAs and suggest future research to explore their specific roles, either individually or in combination, in AS treatment.