Carbon-oriented optimal operation strategy for distribution network with multiple integrated energy microgrids based on double-layer game
Xiayiwei Zhang, Yong Li, Yahui Wang, J. F. Li, Yuhang Zhang, Yijia Cao, Mohammad Shahidehpour
Abstract
• Introducing the DNO as the coordinator and operator of the IEM cluster. The Stackelberg game theory is used to describe the unequal market positions and the vertical trading system between the two parties. • The model optimizes the electricity interaction prices between each IEM and establishes a cooperative game model based on Nash bargaining theory to simulate the electricity cooperation and interaction relationships among them, facilitating a fair distribution of benefits between individual entities and the cluster. • Building upon the established optimization model, carbon trading mechanisms and demand response models are introduced to limit the carbon emissions of the IEMs. This approach aims to minimize carbon emissions while maximizing the economic objectives of the multiple IEMs, thereby enhancing the motivation of each IEM and achieving perfect coordination between environmental and economic aspects. The integrated energy microgrid (IEM) plays a crucial role in supporting energy structural transformation and achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. However, IEM clusters, which comprise various forms of IEMs, often share connections with the same distribution network operator (DNO), leading to competitive tensions both within the cluster and between the cluster and the DNO. To mitigate these conflicts and promote low-carbon, cost-effective operations, this study introduces a double-layer game model. This model aims to minimize operational costs and maximize carbon emission reductions. The external layer applies the Stackelberg game with the DNO as the leader and the IEM cluster as the follower. The internal layer employs cooperative game theory to model interactions among multiple IEMs. Optimal electricity trading and pricing for each entity are determined using a combination of the bisection method and the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). Additionally, a carbon trading mechanism is integrated into the model to balance economic and environmental objectives. The results indicate that the proposed double-layer game model facilitates a mutually beneficial scenario for both the DNO and the IEMs in terms of low carbon emissions and economic efficiency. This model provides a practical framework for effectively managing and coordinating interactions among multiple IEMs, thereby ensuring simultaneous economic and environmental advantages.