Retinal findings in patients with COVID-19: Results from the SERPICO-19 study
Alessandro Invernizzi, Alessandro Torre, Salvatore Parrulli, Federico Zicarelli, Marco Schiuma, Valeria Colombo, Andrea Giacomelli, Mario Cigada, Laura Milazzo, Annalisa Ridolfo, Ivano Faggion, Laura Cordier, Marta Oldani, Sara Marini, Paolo Villa, Giuliano Rizzardini, Massimo Galli, Spinello Antinori, Giovanni Staurenghi, Luca Meroni
Abstract
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been associated to microvascular alterations. We screened the fundus of patients with COVID-19 to detect alterations of the retina and its vasculature and to assess possible correlations with clinical parameters. Methods: Cross-sectional study. The presence of retinal alterations in patients with COVID-19 and subjects unexposed to the virus was assessed using fundus photographs and their prevalence was compared. Mean arteries diameter (MAD) and mean veins diameter (MVD) were compared between patients and unexposed subjects with multiple linear regression including age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, smoking/alcohol consumption, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes as covariates. The influence of clinical/lab parameters on retinal findings was tested in COVID-19 patients. Findings: 54 patients and 133 unexposed subjects were enrolled. Retinal findings in COVID-19 included: haemorrhages (925%), cotton wools spots (74%), dilated veins (277%), tortuous vessels (129%). Both MAD and MVD were higher in COVID-19 patients compared to unexposed subjects (983 153 mm vs 919 117 mm, p = 0.006 and 1385 215 mm vs 1232 130 mm, p<0.0001, respectively). In multiple regression accounting for covariates MVD was positively associated with COVID-19 both in severe (coefficient 303, CI95% 181424) and non-severe (coefficient 103, CI95% 16190) cases compared to unexposed subjects. In COVID-19 patients MVD was negatively correlated with the time from symptoms onset (coefficient 10, CI 95% 189 to 020) and positively correlated with disease severity (coefficient 220, CI 95% 52389). Interpretation: COVID-19 can affect the retina. Retinal veins diameter seems directly correlated with the disease severity. Its assessment could have possible applications in the management of COVID-19.