Energy savings and thermal comfort in a zero energy office building with fans in Singapore
Michael Kent, Nam Khoa Huynh, Asit Mishra, Federico Tartarini, Aleksandra Lipczyńska, Jiayu Li, Zurami Sultan, Edwin Goh, Giridharan Karunagaran, Arulmani Natarajan, Asiri Indrajith, Ivanna Hendri, Komang I. Narendra, Vicky Wu, Noel Chin, Chun Ping Gao, Majid Sapar, Alvin Seoh, Nur Shuhadah, Selvam Valliappan, Tim Jukes, Costas J. Spanos, Stefano Schiavon
Abstract
Elevated air movement produced by fans can offset air-conditioning energy requirements by allowing temperature setpoints to be raised without compromising thermal comfort. These advantages are even greater in hot and humid climates that inherently have large and sustained indoor cooling requirements. Few studies have assessed the in-situ benefits of fans in actual buildings. We installed ceiling and desk fans into a Zero Energy office building (675 m2) in Singapore. Across an 11-week period, 35 occupants alternated between two conditions (no fan vs. fan): 24 °C setpoint with fans off, and 26.5 °C setpoint with fans on. When the temperature setpoint was raised and elevated air movement was provided, a 32% energy reduction was obtained. The energy savings accrued without any negative impacts occurring on thermal satisfaction. Overcooling caused by thermal preference to slightly warmer and warmer conditions was substantially reduced from 33 to 9%. No changes in perceived air-staleness or self-reported alertness and ability to concentrate occurred either, indicating parity across the no fan and fan conditions. Although occupants primarily relied on ceiling fans at the 26.5 °C setpoint, they were by default on at the beginning of each day, giving less incentive to use the desk fans. Our study took place in a high-performance Zero Energy building, whereby thermal dissatisfaction was already low (7%). Therefore, notable changes did not occur, but significant improvements to thermal comfort could still occur in buildings that are unable to maintain high levels of thermal satisfaction.