Degenerate optical parametric amplification in CMOS silicon
David Heydari, Mircea Cătuneanu, Edwin Ng, Dodd Gray, Ryan Hamerly, Jatadhari Mishra, Marc Jankowski, M. M. Fejer, Kambiz Jamshidi, Hideo Mabuchi
Abstract
Silicon is a common material for photonics due to its favorable optical properties in the telecom and mid-wave IR bands, as well as compatibility with a wide range of complementary metal–oxide semiconductor (CMOS) foundry processes. Crystalline inversion symmetry precludes silicon from natively exhibiting second-order nonlinear optical processes. In this work, we build on recent works in silicon photonics that break this material symmetry using large bias fields, thereby enabling χ (2) interactions. Using this approach, we demonstrate both second-harmonic generation (with a normalized efficiency of 0.20%W −1 cm −2 ) and, to our knowledge, the first degenerate χ (2) optical parametric amplifier (with an estimated normalized gain of 0.6dBW −1/2 cm −1 ) using silicon-on-insulator waveguides fabricated in a CMOS-compatible commercial foundry. We expect this technology to enable the integration of novel nonlinear optical devices such as optical parametric amplifiers, oscillators, and frequency converters into large-scale, hybrid photonic–electronic systems by leveraging the extensive ecosystem of CMOS fabrication.