Precision measurement of the electron energy-loss function in tritium and deuterium gas for the KATRIN experiment
M. Aker, A. Beglarian, J. Behrens, A. I. Berlëv, U. Besserer, B. Bieringer, F. Block, B. Bornschein, L. Bornschein, Matthias Böttcher, T. Brunst, T. S. Caldwell, R. M. D. Carney, S. Chilingaryan, W. Choi, K. Debowski, M. Deffert, M. Descher, D. Díaz Barrero, P. J. Doe, O. Dragoun, G. Drexlin, F. Edzards, K. Eitel, E. Ellinger, Amr El Miniawy, R. Engel, S. Enomoto, A. Felden, J. A. Formaggio, F. M. Fränkle, G. Franklin, F. Friedel, A. Fulst, K. Gauda, W. Gil, F. Glück, Stefan Groh, Robin Größle, R. Gumbsheimer, V. Hannen, N. Haußmann, F. Heizmann, K. Helbing, S. Hickford, R. Hiller, D. Hillesheimer, D. Hinz, T. Höhn, T. Houdy, A. Huber, A. Jansen, C. Karl, J. Kellerer, M. Kleesiek, Manuel Klein, C. Köhler, L. Köllenberger, A. Kopmann, M. Korzeczek, A. Kovalík, B. Krasch, H. Krause, N. Kunka, T. Lasserre, L. La Cascio, O. Lebeda, B. Lehnert, T. L. Le, Alexey Lokhov, M. Machatschek, E. Malcherek, M. Mark, A. Marsteller, E. L. Martín, M. Meier, C. Melzer, A. Menshikov, S. Mertens, J. Mostafa, K. Müller, S. Niemes, P. Oelpmann, D. S. Parno, A. W. P. Poon, J.M.L. Poyato, F. Priester, P. C.-O. Ranitzsch, R. G. H. Robertson, Werner Rodejohann, C. Rodenbeck, M. Röllig, C. Röttele, M. Ryšavý, R. Sack, Alejandro Sáenz, P. Schäfer, A. Schaller, L. Schimpf, K. Schlösser
Abstract
Abstract The KATRIN experiment is designed for a direct and model-independent determination of the effective electron anti-neutrino mass via a high-precision measurement of the tritium $$\upbeta $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>β</mml:mi> </mml:math> -decay endpoint region with a sensitivity on $$m_\nu $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> of 0.2 $$\hbox {eV}/\hbox {c}^2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>eV</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>c</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> (90% CL). For this purpose, the $$\upbeta $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>β</mml:mi> </mml:math> -electrons from a high-luminosity windowless gaseous tritium source traversing an electrostatic retarding spectrometer are counted to obtain an integral spectrum around the endpoint energy of 18.6 keV. A dominant systematic effect of the response of the experimental setup is the energy loss of $$\upbeta $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>β</mml:mi> </mml:math> -electrons from elastic and inelastic scattering off tritium molecules within the source. We determined the energy-loss function in-situ with a pulsed angular-selective and monoenergetic photoelectron source at various tritium-source densities. The data was recorded in integral and differential modes; the latter was achieved by using a novel time-of-flight technique. We developed a semi-empirical parametrization for the energy-loss function for the scattering of 18.6-keV electrons from hydrogen isotopologs. This model was fit to measurement data with a 95% $$\hbox {T}_2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>T</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> gas mixture at 30 K, as used in the first KATRIN neutrino-mass analyses, as well as a $$\hbox {D}_2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>D</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> gas mixture of 96% purity used in KATRIN commissioning runs. The achieved precision on the energy-loss function has abated the corresponding uncertainty of $$\sigma (m_\nu ^2)< {{10}^{-2}}{\hbox {eV}^{2}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>eV</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> [1] in the KATRIN neutrino-mass measurement to a subdominant level.