Understanding the mechanism underlying the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant extract(s) with special reference to Silver, Gold, Copper and Zinc oxide nanoparticles
Kangkan Deka, Renaldy Donlang Nongbet, Karan Das, Pranjal Saikia, Simran Kaur, Abhijita Talukder, Bandana Thakuria
Abstract
Green synthesis techniques provide a sustainable and environmentally responsible approach to creating nanoparticles. These methods utilize natural and renewable resources as catalysts while minimizing the use of harmful chemicals. Nanoparticles, characterized by their dimensions of 1–100 nm, possess unique properties, making them highly sought after in fields like medicine, electronics, and environmental remediation. This review examines the process of creating and utilizing metal nanoparticles, namely copper, zinc oxide, gold, and silver. It explores a range of methods for nanoparticle synthesis, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches, with particular attention to green synthesis methods that utilize natural resources to minimize environmental impact. Traditional synthesis methods often involve hazardous chemicals, prompting the adoption of eco-friendly alternatives. The review explores diverse techniques, such as top-down and bottom-up approaches, discussing their advantages and limitations. Specific synthesis methods and applications of nanoparticles, particularly those derived from plant extracts, are explored. These nanoparticles find utility in biomedical research, drug delivery, catalysis, sensing, and environmental clean-up. The review underscores the significance of green synthesis methods in nanoparticle production, highlighting their versatility and the need for ongoing research to harness their full potential while addressing associated challenges. • Green synthesized Nanoparticles finds usage in biomedical research, drug delivery and environmental remediation. • Green synthesis is a sustainable way of producing nanoparticles without the use of harmful chemical substances. • This article focuses on synthesis of Copper, Zinc oxide, gold and silver nanoparticles using different plant extracts. • To fully harness the potential of green nanoparticles further research is required while addressing the challenges.