A Cubic Mg2MnO4 Cathode for non-aqueous Magnesium Batteries
Rafaela Ruiz, C. Vicente, Saúl Rubio, Radostina Stoyanova, Wenhua Zuo, Yong Yang, Gregorio F. Ortiz
Abstract
The feasibility of cubic Mg2MnO4 (c-Mg2MnO4) cathode for rechargeable magnesium batteries is scrutinized by both theoretical and experimental methods. To exploit the high valence state of Mn4+ upon magnesium insertion in c-Mg2MnO4, we substituted Mn3+ (0.645 Å) by the larger Mg2+ (0.72 Å) and studied a series of Mg1+yMn3+2-2yMn4+yO4. The results prove that this Mg/Mn substitution results in a progressive increase of the unit cell parameter “a” due to the increasement in the average oxidation of Mn. We also distinguish the importance of having Mn(IV) in c-Mg2MnO4 vs. the known Mn(III) in tetragonal MgMn2O4 (t-MgMn2O4). The geometry optimization and energy calculations on the c-Mg2MnO4 system are carried out within the density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicating the Mg insertion occurs at 2.23 V with a volume expansion of ca. 8.7 %. Galvanostatic curves revealed a two-step profile with an average voltage of 2.1 V and 160 mA h g−1 (0.5 Mg2+).