Origami paper-based sample preconcentration using sequentially driven ion concentration polarization
Junwoo Lee, Junwoo Lee, Yong Kyoung Yoo, Dohwan Lee, Cheonjung Kim, Kang Hyeon Kim, Seungmin Lee, Seungmin Kwak, Ji Yoon Kang, Hyungsuk Kim, Dae Sung Yoon, Don Hur, Jeong Hoon Lee, Jeong Hoon Lee
Abstract
Ion concentration polarization (ICP) is one of the preconcentration techniques which can acquire a high preconcentration factor. Still, the main hurdles of ICP are its instability and low efficiency under physiological conditions with high ionic strength and abundant biomolecules. Here, we suggested a sequentially driven ICP process, which enhanced the electrokinetic force required for preconcentration, enabling enrichment of highly ionic raw samples without increasing the electric field. We acquired a 13-fold preconcentration factor (PF) in human serum using a paper-based origami structure consisting of multiple layers for three-dimensional sequential ICP (3D seq-ICP). Moreover, we demonstrated a paper-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) by 3D seq-ICP using tau protein, showing a 6-fold increase in ELISA signals.