Engineering Shape Anisotropy of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-γ-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Hollow Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermia
Gopal Niraula, J. A. H. Coaquira, Giorgio Zoppellaro, Bianca M. G. Villar, F. García, Andris F. Bakuzis, João Paulo Figueiró Longo, Mosar Corrêa Rodrigues, Diego Muraca, Ahmad I. Ayesh, F. S. M. Sinfrônio, Alan Silva de Menezes, Gerardo F. Goya, S. K. Sharma
Abstract
The use of microwave-assisted synthesis (in water) of -Fe 2 O 3 nanomaterials followed by their transformation onto iron oxide Fe 3 O 4 --Fe 2 O 3 hollow nanoparticles encoding well-defined sizes and shapes [nanorings (NRs) and nanotubes (NTs)] is henceforth described. The impact of experimental variables such as concentration of reactants, volume of solvent employed, and reaction times/temperatures during the shape-controlled synthesis revealed that the key factor that gated generation of morphologically diverse nanoparticles was associated to the initial concentration of phosphate anions employed in the reactant mixture. All the nanomaterials presented were fully characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, Mossbauer spectroscopy, and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The hollow nanoparticles that expressed the most promising magnetic responses, NTs and NRs, were further tested in terms of efficiencies in controlling the magnetic hyperthermia, in view of their possible use for biomedical applications, supported by their excellent viability as screened by in vitro cytotoxicity tests. These systems NTs and NRs expressed very good magneto-hyperthermia properties, results that were further validated by micromagnetic simulations. The observed specific absorption rate (SAR) and intrinsic loss power of the NRs and NTs peaked the values of 340 W/g and 2.45 nH m 2 kg -1 (NRs) and 465 W/g and 3.3 nH m 2 kg -1 (NTs), respectively, at the maximum clinical field 450 Oe and under a frequency of 107 kHz and are the highest values among those reported so far in the hollow iron-oxide family. The higher SAR in NTs accounts the importance of magnetic shape anisotropy, which is well-predicted by the modified dynamic hysteresis (-MDH) theoretical model.