Involvement of NO <sub>3</sub> <sup>−</sup> in Ecophysiological Regulation of Dissimilatory Nitrate/Nitrite Reduction to Ammonium (DNRA) Is Implied by Physiological Characterization of Soil DNRA Bacteria Isolated via a Colorimetric Screening Method
Hokwan Heo, Miye Kwon, Bongkeun Song, Sukhwan Yoon
Abstract
Dissimilatory nitrate/nitrite reduction to ammonium (DNRA) is an anaerobic microbial pathway that competes with denitrification for common substrates NO 3 − and NO 2 − . Unlike denitrification, which leads to nitrogen loss and N 2 O emission, DNRA reduces NO 3 − and NO 2 − to NH 4 + , a reactive nitrogen compound with a higher tendency to be retained in the soil matrix. Therefore, stimulation of DNRA has often been proposed as a strategy to improve fertilizer efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Such attempts have been hampered by lack of insights into soil DNRA bacterial ecophysiology. Here, we have developed a new screening method for isolating DNRA-catalyzing organisms from agricultural soils without apparent DNRA activity. Physiological characteristics of six DNRA isolates were closely examined, disclosing a previously overlooked link between NO 3 − repression of NO 2 − -to-NH 4 + reduction and the C-to-N ratio regulation of DNRA activity, which may be a key to understanding why DNRA activity is rarely observed at substantial levels in nitrogen-rich agricultural soils.