Pharmacogenomics Education, Research and Clinical Implementation in the State of Minnesota
Jeffrey R. Bishop, R. Stephanie Huang, Jacob T. Brown, Paweł Mróz, Steve Johnson, Josiah D. Allen, Suzette J. Bielinski, Julie England, Joel F. Farley, David Gregornik, Jyothsna Giri, Christine Kroger, Susan E. Long, Tiana Luczak, Erin McGonagle, Sisi Ma, Eric T. Matey, Pinar Karaca Mandic, Ann M. Moyer, Wayne T. Nicholson, Natasha Petry, Pamala A. Pawloski, Allyson Schlichte, Stephen W. Schondelmeyer, Randall D. Seifert, Marilyn K. Speedie, David D. Stenehjem, Robert J. Straka, Jason Wachtl, Stephen C. Waring, Brian Van Ness, Heather Zierhut, Constantin Aliferis, Susan M. Wolf, Catherine A. McCarty, Pamala A. Jacobson
Abstract
Several healthcare organizations across Minnesota have developed formal pharmacogenomic (PGx) clinical programs to increase drug safety and effectiveness. Healthcare professional and student education is strong and there are multiple opportunities in the state for learners to gain workforce skills and develop advanced competency in PGx. Implementation planning is occurring at several organizations and others have incorporated structured utilization of PGx into routine workflows. Laboratory-based and translational PGx research in Minnesota has driven important discoveries in several therapeutic areas. This article reviews the state of PGx activities in Minnesota including educational programs, research, national consortia involvement, technology, clinical implementation and utilization and reimbursement, and outlines the challenges and opportunities in equitable implementation of these advances.