A review on the recent advancements in nanomaterials for <scp>nonenzymatic</scp> lactate sensing
Khatun A. Jannath, Md Mobarok Karim, Heru Agung Saputra, Kyeong‐Deok Seo, Kwang Bok Kim, Yoon‐Bo Shim
Abstract
Abstract Lactate is one of the major biomarkers to assess the physical fitness of human in clinical or sports medicine. The proper and well‐timed lactate determination can avoid some exigent conditions including hemorrhage, respiratory distress, sepsis, and hypoxia. Therefore, rapid, facile, selective, and reliable detection of lactate have gained appreciation lately. Among the various lactate detection methods, electrochemical method is the most rapid, convenient, and sensitive technique. Specifically, nanomaterial‐based nonenzymatic electrochemical lactate sensors are much desirable to solve the demerits and stability issues of enzymatic lactate sensors. Numerous materials including metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, metal–organic frameworks, molecularly imprinted polymers, and carbons were used as electrocatalysts to achieve highly sensitive lactate sensors. This present review mainly focuses on the recent developments of these materials for enzyme‐free lactate oxidation and the future prospective of electrode modification catalysts for lactate sensors.