A critical review of the anti-biofouling properties of biogenic-based silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) embedded on polymer membranes for wastewater treatment
Nyiko M. Chauke, Tshimangadzo S. Munonde, Nomvano Mketo
Abstract
Membrane technology is poised to revolutionize wastewater treatment due to its high efficiency in removing contaminants and its potential for large-scale applications. However, its widespread adoption faces challenges from membrane biofouling, which involves the adhesion of bacteria and the formation of biofilms on the membrane surface. This biofilm growth reduces permeate flux, increases operational costs, and causes irreversible structural damage, resulting in the need for frequent cleaning or membrane replacement. Traditional antifouling strategies, such as feed pretreatment and surface modification, provide limited long-term solutions. A promising novel approach to reducing biofouling involves the incorporation of biogenic silver nanoparticles (Bio-AgNPs) into polymer membranes, creating biogenic silver nanocomposite membranes (BioAg-NCMs). These nanoparticles exhibit strong antibacterial properties, effectively preventing bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. When integrated into polymer membranes, Bio-AgNPs improve membrane permeability, selectivity, and resistance to fouling, making them highly effective for long-term wastewater treatment. This manuscript reviews the development, effectiveness, and future prospects of the surface properties of BioAg-NCMs. It details their antibacterial mechanisms, resistance to biofouling, and scalability. The review emphasizes the role of biogenic silver nanoparticles in advancing antifouling technology by linking membrane structural surface, permeability, and process selectivity, as well as studying the influence of adsorption equilibrium studies and modelling that improves the adsorption process . Ultimately, this work highlights the potential of BioAg-NCMs as a sustainable solution to biofouling, aiming to extend membrane lifespan and reduce maintenance demands in wastewater treatment systems.