Novel plasma protein binding analysis method for a PET tracer and its radiometabolites: A case study with [11C]SMW139 to explain the high uptake of radiometabolites in mouse brain
Richard Aarnio, Obada M. Alzghool, Saara Wahlroos, James O’Brien-Brown, Michael Kassiou, Olof Solin, Juha O. Rinne, Sarita Forsbäck, Merja Haaparanta‐Solin
Abstract
Radiometabolites of PET tracers interfere with imaging and need to be taken into account when modeling PET data. Various tracer and radiometabolite characteristics affect the uptake rate into tissue. In this study, we investigated two such factors, lipophilicity and protein-free fraction. A novel rapid method was developed using thin-layer chromatography with digital autoradiography (radioTLC) and ultrafiltration for analyzing the proteinfree fractions of an exemplar PET tracer, [ 11 C]SMW139 (f P, free parent tracer over all radioactivity), and its radiometabolites (f M , free radiometabolites over all radioactivity). Detailed understanding of the uptake of radiometabolites into extravascular cells requires analyzing f M , which has not previously been performed for PET tracers. Mice were injected with [ 11 C]SMW139, and time-activity curves from plasma and brain coupled with the parent fraction and free fraction data were analyzed to demonstrate the true levels of protein-free and proteinbound [ 11 C]SMW139 and its radiometabolites in plasma. The ultrafiltration method included separate membrane correction factors for the parent tracer and its radiometabolites for analysis of unbiased f P and f M . Metabolism of [ 11 C]SMW139 was rapid, and after 45 min, the parent fraction was 0.33 in plasma and 0.28 in brain. Ultrafiltration membrane correction had a significant effect on the f P but not the f M . From 10-45 min, the f P decreased from 0.032 to 0.007, while f M remained between 0.52 and 0.35. The much higher f M in plasma could explain why the less lipophilic radiometabolites enter the brain efficiently. This detailed understanding of f P and f M from rodents can be used in translational studies to explain the behavior of the tracer in humans. Similar parent fraction and plasma protein binding methods can be used for human in vivo analysis.