Retinal and Choroidal Changes in Children with Moderate-to-High Hyperopia
Qian Yu, Yingyan Ma, Qiurong Lin, Zhaoyu Xiang, Jun Qiang, Yan Xu, Haidong Zou
Abstract
Purpose. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness, and choroidal thickness in children with moderate-to-high hyperopia (MHH). Methods. This was a cross-sectional study that enrolled 53 children with MHH and 53 emmetropic children. Subjects with a spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of +4.0 D or higher were included in the MHH group, and subjects with SER between −1.0 D and +1.0 D were included in the emmetropic group. Ophthalmic examinations, including uncorrected visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction, slit-lamp examination, axial length, and swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT; DRI OCT Triton-1, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan), were performed. Results. The RNFL and GCL in the temporal and inferior quadrants in 1–3 mm of the macular fovea were thinner in the MHH group than in the emmetropic group (all <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"> <a:mi>P</a:mi> <a:mo><</a:mo> <a:mn>0.05</a:mn> </a:math> ). The MHH group also had a thicker choroidal thickness in all regions (all <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"> <c:mi>P</c:mi> <c:mo><</c:mo> <c:mn>0.05</c:mn> </c:math> ). The SER was independently correlated with the average choroidal thickness in the optic disc and fovea (coefficient = 4.853, <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"> <e:mi>P</e:mi> <e:mo><</e:mo> <e:mn>0.001</e:mn> </e:math> for the optic disc; coefficient = 5.523, <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"> <g:mi>P</g:mi> <g:mo>=</g:mo> <g:mn>0.004</g:mn> </g:math> for the fovea), while axial length was negatively correlated with choroidal thickness (coefficient = −12.649, <i:math xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5"> <i:mi>P</i:mi> <i:mo><</i:mo> <i:mn>0.001</i:mn> </i:math> ). Axial length was positively associated with RNFL and GCL thickness in the temporal quadrant in 1–3 mm of the macular fovea (coefficient = 0.966, <k:math xmlns:k="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6"> <k:mi>P</k:mi> <k:mo>=</k:mo> <k:mn>0.007</k:mn> </k:math> for RNFL and coefficient = 1.476, <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7"> <m:mi>P</m:mi> <m:mo>=</m:mo> <m:mn>0.011</m:mn> </m:math> for the macular fovea). Conclusion. Compared with emmetropic children, MMH children had greater choroidal thickness. The characteristics of the RNFL and GCL thickness in MMH children were different from those in emmetropic children.