Eco-Friendly Natural Rubber–Jute Composites for the Footwear Industry
Giovanni Barrera Torres, Carlos Toshiyuki Hiranobe, Erivaldo Antônio da Silva, Guilherme Pina Cardim, Henrique Pina Cardim, Flávio Camargo Cabrera, Elizabeth R. Lozada, Carlos Mario Gutiérrez-Aguilar, Juan C. Sánchez, Jaime A. Jaramillo Carvalho, Aldo Eloízo Job, Renivaldo José dos Santos
Abstract
Nowadays, biocomposites represent a new generation of materials that are environmentally friendly, cost-effective, low-density, and not derived from petroleum. They have been widely used to protect the environment and generate new alternatives in the polymer industry. In this study, we incorporated untreated jute fibers (UJFs) and alkaline-treated jute fibers (TJFs) at 1-5 and 10 phr into TSR 10 natural rubber as reinforcement fillers. These composites were produced to be used in countersole shoes manufacturing. Untreated fibers were compared to those treated with 10% sodium hydroxide. The alkali treatment allowed the incorporation of fibers without compromising their mechanical properties. The TJF samples exhibited 8% less hardness, 70% more tensile strength, and the same flexibility compared to their pure rubber counterparts. Thanks to their properties and ergonomic appearance, the composites obtained here can be useful in many applications: construction materials (sound insulating boards, and flooring materials), the automotive industry (interior moldings), the footwear industry (shoe soles), and anti-static moldings. These new compounds can be employed in innovative processes to reduce their carbon footprint and negative impact on our planet. Using the Lorenz-Park equation, the loaded composites examined in this study exhibited values above 0.7, which means a competitive load-rubber interaction. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the morphology of the composites in detail.