Cryo-XPS for Surface Characterization of Nanomedicines
David J. H. Cant, Yiwen Pei, Andrey Shchukarev, Madeleine Ramstedt, Sara S. Marques, Marcela A. Segundo, Jérémie Parot, Alicja Molska, Sven Even Borgos, Alexander G. Shard, Caterina Minelli
Abstract
Nanoparticles used for medical applications commonly possess coatings or surface functionalities intended to provide specific behavior in vivo, for example, the use of PEG to provide stealth properties. Direct, quantitative measurement of the surface chemistry and composition of such systems in a hydrated environment has thus far not been demonstrated, yet such measurements are of great importance for the development of nanomedicine systems. Here we demonstrate the first use of cryo-XPS for the measurement of two PEG-functionalized nanomedicines: a polymeric drug delivery system and a lipid nanoparticle mRNA carrier. The observed differences between cryo-XPS and standard XPS measurements indicate the potential of cryo-XPS for providing quantitative measurements of such nanoparticle systems in hydrated conditions.