Maximizing the safety and sustainability of MXenes
Steffen Foss Hansen, Maria Bille Nielsen, Lars Michael Skjolding, Jasreen Kaur, Nindya Desivyana, Frida Hermansson, James R T Bird, Suelen Barg, Alexander Khort, Inger Odnevall Wallinder, Bengt Fadeel, Rickard Arvidsson
Abstract
Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) is a new regulatory concept guiding chemical and material innovation. The European Commission has recommended a two-stage SSbD framework and plan to revise it based on stakeholder feedback. The framework involves establishing key (re)design SSbD principles and assessment of the final innovation, however the applicability of the framework to advanced materials remains to be addressed. Here, we applied the SSbD framework on Ti 3 C 2 T x MXenes, an emerging advanced material, by (1) reviewing health, environmental and safety information; (2) characterizing MXenes transformation/dissolution in different media; (3) conducting (eco)toxicological experiments, and (4) completing a prospective life-cycle assessment. Our analysis suggests that Ti 3 C 2 T x is safe and sustainable when applying the SSbD framework. Further research is needed regarding long-term hazardous effects of Ti 3 C 2 T x and the sustainable production of the titanium precursor. Guidance is also needed on how much weight one should assign to the different lines of evidence in the overall SSbD assessment.