Advancing biofertilizers: the evolution from single-strain formulations to synthetic microbial communities (SynCom) for sustainable agriculture
Malini Singh, Supriya Jha, Devashish Pathak, Guneshori Maisnam
Abstract
The concept of the microbiome has transformed the approach to biofertilizers, offering a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to chemical fertilizers. Biofertilizers enhance plant growth, improve soil health, and protect crops from pests and diseases, making them central to modern agriculture. This review discussed the biofertilizer evolution from early single-strain products to advanced multistrain formulations to the hypothesis of synthetic microbial communities (SynCom). Microbes play a crucial role in agriculture by fixing nitrogen, recycling nutrients like carbon and phosphorus, improving soil fertility, and managing organic waste. They also reduce environmental pollutants and support sustainable nutrient use. While early biofertilizers used individual strains, research has shown that microbial consortia (combinations of multiple beneficial microbes) are more effective. These consortia enhance soil health, increase crop resilience, and promote sustainable yield improvements by leveraging synergistic microbial interactions. The shift toward microbial consortia has advanced biofertilizer technology, allowing for improved nutrient uptake, enhanced disease resistance, and better plant adaptation to stress. Unlike natural microbial communities, which are complex and often unpredictable, SynCom offers a more controlled and targeted approach. SynCom addresses key agricultural challenges such as nutrient deficiencies, disease management, and soil degradation by selecting and combining specific microbes. Metagenomics has been a key tool in identifying critical soil microbes and their interactions, guiding the rational design of SynCom. These synthetic communities are tailored to specific crop and environmental needs, making them more effective than traditional formulations. Despite the promise of microbiome-based biofertilizers, challenges remain in ensuring consistent performance across diverse soils, climates, and farming systems. Designing, testing, and validating SynCom in real-world conditions is crucial for its successful implementation. Advances in synthetic biology further support the development of customized SynCom, with the potential to revolutionize agriculture by boosting productivity and sustainability. This review highlights the progress, potential, and limitations of current biofertilizer strategies, emphasizing the role of SynCom in shaping the future of sustainable farming.