Evaluating the risk of phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers in dust samples from 100 Japanese houses
Naohide Shinohara, Tomoko Oguri, M. Takagi, Jun Ueyama, Tomohiko Isobe
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used as plasticizer and associated with various health issues. Recently, non-phthalate plasticizers are replacing phthalates; however, the exposure to these substances and the risk in Japan is unclear. In this study, we assessed the concentrations of phthalates, non-phthalate plasticizers, and phthalate degradation products in house dust and determined their respective exposure risks via oral and dermal routes. Twelve phthalates, seven non-phthalate plasticizers, and two degradation products were determined in the house dust obtained from 100 Japanese homes. The median concentration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), accounting for 85 % of the total concentration of phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers detected in this study, was 2.1 × 103 μg/g of dust. Apart from DEHP, diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) were the most abundant in the house dust, accounting for 6.2 % (median: 1.7 × 102 μg/g of dust) and 6.1 % (median: 1.7 × 102 μg/g of dust) of the total concentrations, respectively. DEHP and DEHT concentrations in house dust were higher in apartment buildings and smaller floor areas (≤30 m2 or 31–60 m2 for DEHP and 31–60 m2 for DEHT) than in detached or large floor areas (floor area > 121 m2). Conversely, di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) concentrations were significantly higher in detached and large houses (floor area > 121 m2) than in apartment buildings and small houses (≤30 m2). The total hazard quotient (HQ) revealed that oral and dermal exposure to house dust was 1.3 × 10-6–0.11 for adultsand 1.6 × 10-5–2.2 × 10-2 for preschool children, except for DnBP and DEHP, suggesting no risk. The HQs for DnBP and DEHP exposure via house dust for preschool children using the maximum values were 0.46 and 1.2, and 6.0 × 10-3 and 0.18 using the median values, indicating that risk of DEHP exposure should be exhaustively determined by considering other exposure routes that were not evaluated in this study, such as diet.