Biophysical and Immunological Characterization and <i>In Vivo</i> Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology in Nonhuman Primates of the Anti-PD-1 Antibody Pembrolizumab
Beth Hutchins, Gary C. Starling, Mark A. McCoy, Danuta J. Herzyk, Frederique M. Poulet, John Dulos, Liu Liming, Soonmo Peter Kang, Laurence Fayadat‐Dilman, Mark Hsieh, Christine L. Andrews, Gulesi Ayanoglu, Constance Cullen, René de Waal Malefyt, Robert A. Kastelein, Sabine Le Saux, Julie Lee, Sophie Li, Dan Malashock, Svetlana Sadekova, George Soder, Hans van Eenennaam, Aarron Willingham, Ying Yu, Michel Streuli, Gregory J. Carven, Andrea van Elsas
Abstract
Abstract The programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) pathway represents a major immune checkpoint, which may be engaged by cells in the tumor microenvironment to overcome active T-cell immune surveillance. Pembrolizumab (Keytruda®, MK-3475) is a potent and highly selective humanized mAb of the IgG4/kappa isotype designed to directly block the interaction between PD-1 and its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2. This blockade enhances the functional activity of T cells to facilitate tumor regression and ultimately immune rejection. Pembrolizumab binds to human and cynomolgus monkey PD-1 with picomolar affinity and blocks the binding of human and cynomolgus monkey PD-1 to PD-L1 and PD-L2 with comparable potency. Pembrolizumab binds both the C′D and FG loops of PD-1. Pembrolizumab overcomes human and cynomolgus monkey PD-L1–mediated immune suppression in T-cell cultures by enhancing IL2 production following staphylococcal enterotoxin B stimulation of healthy donor and cancer patient cells, and IFNγ production in human primary tumor histoculture. Ex vivo and in vitro studies with human and primate T cells show that pembrolizumab enhances antigen-specific T-cell IFNγ and IL2 production. Pembrolizumab does not mediate FcR or complement-driven effector function against PD-1–expressing cells. Pembrolizumab displays dose-dependent clearance and half-life in cynomolgus monkey pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic studies typical for human IgG4 antibodies. In nonhuman primate toxicology studies, no findings of toxicologic significance were observed. The preclinical data for pembrolizumab are consistent with the clinical anticancer activity and safety that has been demonstrated in human clinical trials.