Transdermal Estrogen Therapy Improves Gains in Skeletal Muscle Mass After 12 Weeks of Resistance Training in Early Postmenopausal Women
Tine Vrist Dam, Line Barner Dalgaard, Steffen Ringgaard, Frank Ted Johansen, Mads Bisgaard Bengtsen, Maike Mose, Katrine Meyer Lauritsen, Niels Ørtenblad, Claus Højbjerg Gravholt, Mette Hansen
Abstract
Context Women show an accelerated loss of muscle mass around menopause, possibly related to the decline in estrogen. Furthermore, the anabolic response to resistance exercise seems to be hampered in postmenopausal women. Objective We aimed to test the hypothesis that transdermal estrogen therapy (ET) amplifies the skeletal muscle response to resistance training in early postmenopausal women. Design A double-blinded randomized controlled study. Setting Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark. Participants Thirty-one healthy, untrained postmenopausal women no more than 5 years past menopause. Intervention(s) Supervised resistance training with placebo (PLC, n = 16) or transdermal ET ( n = 15) for 12 weeks. Main Outcome Measure(s) The primary outcome parameter was a cross-sectional area of quadriceps femoris measured by magnetic resonance imaging, and secondary parameters were fat-free mass (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), muscle strength, and functional tests. Results The increase in muscle cross-sectional area was significantly greater in the ET group (7.9%) compared with the PLC group (3.9%) ( p < 0.05). Similarly, the increase in whole-body fat-free mass was greater in the ET group (5.5%) than in the PLC group (2.9%) ( p < 0.05). Handgrip strength increased in ET ( p < 0.05) but did not change in the PLC group. Muscle strength parameters, jumping height, and finger strength were all improved after the training period with no difference between groups. Conclusion The use of transdermal ET enhanced the increase in muscle mass in response to 12 weeks of progressive resistance training in early postmenopausal women.