T cells in cancer: mechanistic insights and therapeutic advances
Jingjing Pu, Ting Liu, Yi Zhou, Mengping Chen, Xuehang Fu, Yike Wan, Junying Wang, Binzhen Chen, Amit Sharma, Veronika Lukacs‐Kornek, Ingo G.H. Schmidt‐Wolf, Jian Hou
Abstract
T cells are central players in the fight against cancer, capable of recognizing and destroying tumor cells. However, tumors often find ways to evade this immune response, creating challenges for effective treatment. In this review, we explore how different T cell subsets—including cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and unconventional T cells—contribute to tumor progression or suppression. We also delve into key mechanisms, such as immune checkpoints and metabolic pathways, that shape T cell behavior in the tumor microenvironment. Advances in cancer immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), T cell engagers (TCEs), adoptive T cell therapies (ACTs), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies, and cancer vaccines, have transformed cancer treatment and provided new hope for patients. However, challenges such as treatment resistance, limited efficacy in solid tumors, and therapy-associated toxicities remain significant barriers to broader clinical success. We discuss innovative strategies to tackle these challenges, including combination therapies and next-generation T cell engineering approaches. By connecting the biology of T cells with cutting-edge therapeutic advances, this review aims to inspire progress in the development of more effective and personalized cancer treatments.