Antibody Landscape Analysis following Influenza Vaccination and Natural Infection in Humans with a High-Throughput Multiplex Influenza Antibody Detection Assay
Zhu‐Nan Li, Feng Liu, F. Liaini Gross, Lindsay Kim, Jill M. Ferdinands, P.J. Carney, Jessie Chang, James Stevens, Terrence M. Tumpey, Min Z. Levine
Abstract
Repeated influenza vaccination and natural infections generate complex immune profiles in humans that require antibody landscape analysis to assess immunity and evaluate vaccines. However, antibody landscape analyses are difficult to perform using traditional assays. Here, we developed a high-throughput, serum-sparing, multiplex influenza antibody detection assay (MIADA) and analyzed the antibody landscapes following influenza vaccination and infection. We showed that adults had broader antibody landscapes than children. Influenza vaccination and infection not only induced the strongest antibody responses to the hemagglutinins of the viruses of exposure, but also induced cross-reactive antibodies to novel influenza viruses that can be removed by serum adsorption. There is a good correlation between the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) measured by MIADA and hemagglutination inhibition/microneutralization titers. Antibody landscape analysis by the MIADA can be used in influenza vaccine evaluations, including the development of universal influenza vaccines and the characterization of influenza virus infections.