Rice-based cropping systems in Brazil: Irrigated and rainfed
Giovana Ghisleni Ribas, Alexandre Bryan Heinemann, L. F. Stone, Adriano Pereira de Castro, Nereu Augusto Streck, A. B. dos Santos, Michel Rocha da Silva, S. Steinmetz, Camille Flores Soares, Alencar Júnior Zanon
Abstract
Brazil, a major global rice producer outside Asia, has two key rice-growing regions: subtropical lowlands, where irrigated rice accounts for 78% of national production (1.2 Mha), and tropical uplands, covering 0.31 Mha of rainfed rice. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of rice-based cropping systems in Brazil, discussing agronomic management, sustainability challenges, and potential improvements. The integration of rice, soybean, and pasture systems has enhanced land-use efficiency, soil health, and productivity. Irrigation practices, soil fertility management, and pest control strategies play a crucial role in maximizing yield. Additionally, climate-smart agriculture and no-till adoption are emerging as key strategies for mitigating environmental impacts and improving resilience. Despite advancements, challenges such as climate variability, weed resistance, and water-use efficiency remain critical. This review highlights the importance of continued research and innovation in sustainable rice-based systems.