Multiple modifiable lifestyle factors and the risk of perinatal depression during pregnancy: Findings from the GUSTO cohort
Linde van Lee, Airu Chia, Desiree Y. Phua, Marjorelee Colega, Natarajan Padmapriya, Jonathan Y. Bernard, Shirong Cai, Elaine K.H. Tham, Oon Hoe Teoh, Daniel Y.T. Goh, Joshua J. Gooley, Peter D. Gluckman, Fabian Yap, Lynette Pei‐Chi Shek, Keith M. Godfrey, Kok Hian Tan, Yap Seng Chong, Falk Müller‐Riemenschneider, Birit F. P. Broekman, Michael J. Meaney, Helen Chen, Mary Foong‐Fong Chong
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Studies have identified lifestyle risk factors for perinatal depression, but none have examined the cumulative effect of these risk factors in pregnant women. METHODS: We considered the following six factors during pregnancy: poor diet quality (Healthy eating index for Singapore pregnant women<median), poor sleep quality (global Pittsburgh sleep quality index score > 5), physical inactivity (<600 MET-minutes/week), vitamin D insufficiency (<50 nmol/l), smoking before or during pregnancy, and the perceived need for social support. Probable depression was assessed using the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale during pregnancy (>15) and at three months postpartum (≥13). Prevalence risk ratios were calculated with Poisson regressions while adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: = 0.746). CONCLUSION: Pregnant women with ≥4 lifestyle risk factors showed a higher prevalence of depression during pregnancy, while no associations were observed for postpartum depression. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: This cohort is registered under the Clinical Trials identifier NCT01174875; http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01174875?term=GUSTO&rank=2.