Characterization of shear zones in soft granular beds by means of a novel magnetic resonance imaging technique
Jing Wang, Zohreh Farmani, Joshua A. Dijksman, Cindy Lübeck, Oliver Speck, Ralf Stannarius
Abstract
Abstract We introduce a new Magnetic Resonance Imaging technique to study the geometry of shear zones of soft, low-frictional and hard, frictional granular materials and their mixtures. Hydrogel spheres serve as the soft, low-frictional material component, while mustard seeds represent rigid, frictional grains. Some of the hydrogel spheres are doped with $$\hbox {CuSO}_4$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>CuSO</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> salt to serve as tracers. A cylindrical split-bottom cell is sheared stepwise and the shear profiles are determined from the differences of tomograms after successive shear steps, using Particle Imaging Velocimetry and Particle Tracking Velocimetry. We find that the shear zone geometry differs considerably between soft grains submersed in water and the same material without the embedding fluid. Graphic abstract