Offensive Behavior, Striatal Glutamate Metabolites, and Limbic–Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Responses to Stress in Chronic Anxiety
Enrico Ullmann, George P. Chrousos, Seth W. Perry, Ma‐Li Wong, Júlio Licinio, Stefan R. Bornstein, Olga B. Tseilikman, Maria Komelkova, Maxim Lapshin, Maryia Vasilyeva, E. L. Zavjalov, О. Б. Шевелев, Н. В. Хоцкин, Galina V. Koncevaya, А. S. Khotskina, М. П. Мошкин, О. П. Черкасова, Alexey Sarapultsev, Roman Ibragimov, Igor Kritsky, Jörg M. Fegert, В. Э. Цейликман, Rachel Yehuda
Abstract
Variations in anxiety-related behavior are associated with individual allostatic set-points in chronically stressed rats. Actively offensive rats with the externalizing indicators of sniffling and climbing the stimulus and material tearing during 10 days of predator scent stress had reduced plasma corticosterone, increased striatal glutamate metabolites, and increased adrenal 11-dehydrocorticosterone content compared to passively defensive rats with the internalizing indicators of freezing and grooming, as well as to controls without any behavioral changes. These findings suggest that rats that display active offensive activity in response to stress develop anxiety associated with decreased allostatic set-points and increased resistance to stress.